Plan integral de gestión ambiental para emprendimientos turísticos: caso de estudio Calceta, Ecuador: Comprehensive environmental management plan for tourist projects: case study Calceta, Ecuador

Jhonny Bayas Escudero

Authors

Jhonny Bayas Escudero Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí "Manuel Félix López", ESPAM MFL, Ecuador.

Keywords:

Environmental mamagement, sustanaible tourism, entrepreneurship, tourist activities, enviromental management program

Abstract

Due to the rapid growth of tourism, this industry has generated significant environmental problems. In the province of Manabí there is a clear need to promote investment and entrepreneurship by improving infrastructure and tourism services, with a focus on environmental sustainability. In response to this problem, the present research aimed to design a comprehensive environmental management plan for tourism enterprises in the city of Calceta. A methodology with a mixed approach was used, and through the application of the synthetic analytical method and techniques such as interviews, technical sheets and Leopold's matrix, three phases were executed: situational diagnosis, identification of environmental management and design of the comprehensive environmental management plan. It was determined that in Calceta the tourist activity is the axis of the economy through accommodation, catering and recreation ventures; that have basic conditions of service, viability and transportation; which lack an environmental management system. According to the resources of the parish, the tourist potentialities are oriented to nature tourism and cultural tourism. The environmental impact assessment revealed that 100% of tourism enterprises have high energy and water consumption; 75% do not carry out any type of waste separation at the source; only 45% perform continuous asepsis and 89% suffer from noise pollution. In the comprehensive environmental management plan proposed in this work, seven environmental management programs and two monitoring programs were established, highlighting the environmental aspect, identified impact, proposed measures, indicators, means of verification, periodicity, executing entity and amount. In conclusion, there is an emerging need to apply environmental management strategies in Calceta tourism ventures to achieve sustainable tourism development.

Author Biography

Jhonny Bayas Escudero, Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí "Manuel Félix López", ESPAM MFL, Ecuador.

Doctor en Ciencias Administrativas Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí ESPAM.

References

Armas, Y., Sanfiel, A., y González, O. (2017). Environmental management of the tourist accommodation industry and sustainable governance in a protected area. Universia Business Review, (56). 84-105. Tomado de: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/433/43353864005.pdf, el 10 de diciembre de 2021.

Buckley, R. (2011). Tourism and Environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36(1). 397-416. Tomado de: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-041210-132637, el 20 de noviembre de 2021.

Caicedo, D., Escobar M., y Ureta, M. (2020). Comparative analysis of tourism observatories for their implementation in the City of Portoviejo-Manabí- Ecuador. Revista Espacios, 41(45). Tomado de: https://www.revistaespacios.com/a20v41n45/a20v41n45p10.pdf, el 17 de diciembre de 2021.

GAD de Bolívar. (2015a). Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial 2015 – 2026. Tomado de: https://odsterritorioecuador.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/PDOT-CANTON-BOLIVAR-2016-2025.pdf, el 15 de diciembre de 2021.

GAD de Bolívar. (2015b). Problemas identificados en la mesa de concertación. Ecuador. Tomado de: http://app.sni.gob.ec/sni-link/sni/PORTAL_SNI/data_sigad_plus/sigadplusdocumentofinal/1360000390001_CANTON%20BOLIVAR%20PDYOT%202015_16-03-2015_16-43-46.pdf, el 12 de noviembre de 2021.

Christiansen, H., y Garcia, E. (2015). An Overview of Corporate Environmental Management Practices. Joint Study by the OECD Secretariat and EIRIS. Tomado de: https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/corporateresponsibility/18269204.pdf, el 24 de octubre de 2021.

Dickinson, J., y Lumsdon, L. (2010). Slow Travel and Tourism. Earthscan. United Kingdom.

Font, M., y Petrus, J. (2021). Metodología para la gestión integrada e inteligente de destinos turísticos de Manabí – Ecuador. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 6(1), 1-15. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2021.v6i1.208

García, N. (2017). Modelo de gestión para fomentar el desarrollo turístico de las comunidades manabitas, Ecuador. CULTUR, 11(2). Tomado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6311570.pdf, el 27 de octubre de 2021.

García, N. Carreño, A, Doumet, Y. (2017) Estrategias para el desarrollo turístico del cantón Bolívar post terremoto del 16 de abril (Ecuador). ECA Sinergia, 7(2), 26 – 39, Tomado de. https://revistas.utm.edu.ec/index.php/ECASinergia/article/view/334/1274. Pdf, el 15 de noviembre de 2021.

GeoparkLIFE. (2017). Good Practice Guide The role of tourism enterprises. Ireland. Tomado de: http://www.burrengeopark.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Good_Practice_Guide_The_role_of-_tourism_enterprises.pdf, el 15 de noviembre de 2021.

Gobierno Provincial de Manabí. (2015). Gobierno provincial asume competencia ambiental. Quito. Ec. Tomado de: http://www.manabi.gob.ec/9319-gobierno-provincial-asume-competencia-ambiental.html, el 17 de noviembre de 2021.

Hillary, R. (2004). Environmental management systems and the smaller enterprise. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12(6), 561–569. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2003.08.006

Jamieson, W., Kelovkar, A., Sunalai, P., y Mandke, P. (2003). A Manual for Water and Waste Management: What the Tourism Industry Can Do to Improve Its Performance. Programa del Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas. Tomado de: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9432/-A%20Manual%20for%20Water%20and%20Waste%20Management_%20What%20the%20Tourism%20Industry%20Can%20Do%20to%20Improve%20Its%20Performance-2003648.pdf?sequence=2&amp%3BisAllowed=, el 21 de noviembre de 2021.

Kilipiris, F., y Zardava, S. (2012). Developing Sustainable Tourism in a Changing Environment: Issues for the Tourism Enterprises (Travel Agencies and Hospitality Enterprises). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 44–52. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.003

Masanet, M. (2012). Environmental Management in Businesses: Does It Make Money? An Accounting Perspective. Tomado de: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/38105, el 4 de diciembre de 2021.

Mensah, I. (2007). Environmental management and sustainable tourism development: The case of hotels in Greater Accra Region (GAR) of Ghana. J Retail Leisure Property 6, 15–22 (2007). Tomado de: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/palgrave.rlp.5100039.pdf, el 2 de diciembre de 2021.

Mensah, I. (2019). Environmental Management Concepts and Practices for the Hospitality Industry. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Tomado de: https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-5275-3630-2-sample.pdf, el 5 de octubre de 2021.

Mestanza, C., Chica, J., Anfuso, G., Mooser, A., Botero, C., y Pranzini, E. (2020). Tourism in Continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands: An Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Perspective. Water, 12. Toamdo de: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/6/1647/pdf, el 14 de diciembre de 2021.

Ministerio de Educación de Bolivia. (2018). Emprendimientos productivos. Texto guía. Tomado de: http://saludpublica.bvsp.org.bo/cc/bo40.1/documentos/838.pdf, el 12 de octubre de 2021.

Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador. (2018). Proyecto: “Fomento al Emprendimiento Turístico y Mejoramiento de las Mipymes Turísticas de la TEA (Actividad emprendedora temprana)” 2018-2021. Tomado de: https://www.turismo.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/FOMENTO-AL-EMPRENDIMIENTO-TURSTICO-19102018.pdf, el 15 de octubre de 2021.

Oyarvide, H., Nazareno, I., Roldán, A., y Ferrales, Y. (2016). Emprendimiento como factor del desarrollo turístico rural sostenible. Retos de la Dirección, 10(1), 71-93. Tomado de: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2306-91552016000100006&lng=es&tlng=es, el 3 de noviembre de 2021.

Perkumienė, D., Pranskūnienė, R., Vienažindienė, M., y Grigienė, J. (2020). The Right to A Clean Environmentꓽ Considering Green Logistics and Sustainable Tourism. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(9), 3254. Tomado de: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246658/, el 20 de octubre de 2021.

Pimentel, M., Guiñan, A., Acosta, Y. (2016). Estrategias de gestión ambiental para impulsar el turismo sostenible como actividad socio-productiva en Playa Sur, Adícora, Estado Falcón, Venezuela Multiciencias, 16(3). 277-287. Tomado de: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/904/90453464006.pdf, el 18 de diciembre de 2021.

Ruiz, H. (2017). Adverse Environmental Effects of Tourism on Communities in the Ecuadorian Highlands Region. Current Urban Studies, 5. 348-355. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2017.53019

Sethi, J. (2015). Entrepreneur: Types and Functions. Tomado de: https://ecestudy.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/entrepreneur-types-and-functions.pdf, el 8 de octubre de 2021.

Sharpley, R. (2009). Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? Earthscan. United Kingdom.

Shiguango, D., Espín, C., Olivo, J., y Pinta, M. (2021). Modelo de gestión para los centros de turismo comunitario del cantón Archidona. Revista Ciencia Digital, 5(2). 74-100. Tomado de: https://cienciadigital.org/revistacienciadigital2/index.php/exploradordigital/article/download/1655/4153/, el 15 de diciembre de 2021.

Styles, D., Schönberger, H., y Galvez, J. (2013). Best Environmental Management Practice in the Tourism Sector. Unión Europea. Tomado de: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/takeagreenstep/pdf/TourismBEMP.pdf, el 1 de octubre de 2021.

Tiwari, A, Nasreen, S., e Iqbal, Z. (2020). Nexus between tourism and environmental pollution in South Asia: a comparative analysis using time-varying and non-parametric techniques. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–25. doi:10.1080/13683500.2020.186207

Comprehensive environmental management plan for tourist projects: case study Calceta, Ecuador