Beyond a traditional drink: cocoa and its value as a means of exchange on the eve of the conquest and during the 16th century

Más allá de una bebida tradicional: El cacao y su valor como medio de cambio en vísperas de la conquista y durante el siglo XVI en la Nueva España.

Abstract

In the historical context of pre-Hispanic and colonial civilizations, cocoa is presented as an element of great versatility, playing a role not only as a source of elite food or drink, but also as a means of exchange in commercial transactions. The central objective of this study is to carefully examine cocoa as currency in pre-Hispanic and colonial times, with the purpose of understanding its functions, meanings and how it evolved over time. This methodology includes a careful selection of primary sources that document the use of cocoa as currency. Subsequently, cocoa is placed in its historical and economic context to conduct a comparative analysis between both periods. This comparison reveals patterns of continuity and change in its use as a medium of exchange, demonstrating its ability to adapt over time. Although the limitations of primary sources introduce challenges, the findings of this study highlight the relevance of cocoa in pre-Columbian civilizations, influencing cultural, religious, social, and economic aspects. The qualities of cocoa made it an ideal currency, and its persistence after the conquest reflects its roots and adaptability in changing environments, evidencing fundamental social structures and cultural values.